Abstract:
Background: Patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA) requiring ultrasound-guided intravenous (USGIV) access have been associated with delays in treatment, imaging, and disposition in academic emergency department (ED) patient populations. Our objective in this study was to characterize differences in time to intravenous access, imaging, and disposition between patients with DIVA versus those without DIVA requiring USGIV access in a community ED while also assessing for DIVA-associated comorbidities.
Methods: A cross-sectional, observational analysis was performed on admitted ED patients evaluated from September 2 to September 31, 2022, at a community ED. Patients with DIVA were defined as patients with two failed attempts at traditional intravenous placement. These patients require USGIV placement per institutional protocol. Patients younger than 18 years of age, trauma admissions, repeated visits from the same patient, patients with missing data, and direct hospital admissions were excluded. Continuous variables were recorded with medians and included ED throughput measures of time to vascular access, contrast CT imaging, and disposition. Differences in median times between DIVA patients versus non-DIVA patients were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical data involving comorbidities were reported as percentages, and differences in proportions between DIVA versus non-DIVA patients were assessed via chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluated for correlations between DIVA and times to access, contrast CT imaging, disposition, and significant covariates while adjusting for demographic information.
Results: A total of 1250 patients were included in this investigation (5.8% associated with DIVA requiring USGIV access). The median age of all subjects was 69 (interquartile range = 58, 79) with no significant difference between the DIVA and non-DIVA groups. Patients with DIVA were more likely to be female in comparison to patients without DIVA (65.3% and 51.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). Patients with a history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (p < 0.001), intravenous drug use (IVDU) (p < 0.001), and venous thromboembolism (p < 0.05) had statistically significant associations with DIVA. On regression analysis, patients with DIVA were more likely to have a history of ESRD with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.56 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-7.81) and a history of IVDU with an OR of 14.29 (95% CI: 5.17-39.54). Patients with DIVA were associated with statistically significant greater median times to vascular access, contrast CT imaging, and disposition (p < 0.001 for time to access and disposition and p < 0.01 for time to contrast CT imaging).
Conclusion: In this study, DIVA cases requiring USGIV access were positively associated with significantly longer times to access, contrast CT imaging, and disposition compared to patients without DIVA at our community ED. Comorbidities such as IVDU and ESRD had statistically significant associations with DIVA requiring USGIV access.
Reference:Huang D, Winter L, Macauley E, Alterman T, Renouard B, Wilson JL, Leon LN. Difficult Intravenous Access Requiring Ultrasound in the Emergency Department: Associations With Delays in Care and Areas for Quality Improvement. Cureus. 2023 Sep 9;15(9):e44960. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44960. PMID: 37822433; PMCID: PMC10564258.